|
|
|
Page |
| 1. |
|
Introduction |
1 |
|
1.1 |
Background
|
1 |
|
1.2 |
Objectives
|
2 |
|
1.3 |
Concept
|
3 |
| 2. |
|
Hazard
and Risk Assessment...
|
8 |
|
2.1 |
Natural
Condition |
10 |
|
2.1.1 |
Seismology |
10 |
|
(1) |
Seismicity
|
10 |
|
(2)
|
Faults
and lineaments in the Kathmandu valley
|
12 |
|
(3) |
Scenario
earthquake model
|
13 |
|
2.1.2
|
Geology
and Soil |
14 |
|
(1) |
Regional
geology |
14 |
|
(2) |
Purpose
of data arrangement
|
16 |
|
(3)
|
Data
collection |
16 |
|
(4) |
Data
processing
|
17 |
|
2.1.3 |
Climatic
Conditions |
20 |
|
2.2 |
Social
Condition |
21 |
|
2.2.1 |
Administrative
Boundary and Locality Classification |
21 |
|
(1) |
Administration
boundaries |
21 |
|
(2)
|
Smallest
unit for the study
|
21 |
|
(3) |
Locality
classifications |
22 |
|
2.2.2 |
Population
and Household |
22 |
|
2.2.3
|
Land
Use |
24 |
|
(1) |
Macroscopic
view on previous studies |
24 |
|
(2) |
Land
uses in Kathmandu Metropolitan City
|
25 |
|
(3)
|
Land
use in terms of urban planning issues and implications
|
25 |
|
2.2.4 |
Urban
Structure and Urbanisation Trends
|
26
|
|
2.2.5
|
Buildings
|
27 |
|
(1) |
Building
inventory |
27 |
|
(2) |
Building
structures |
32 |
|
(3) |
Microtremor
measurements |
34 |
|
2.2.6 |
Infrastructure
/ Lifeline Facilities |
37 |
|
(1)
|
Road
|
37 |
|
(2) |
Bridges |
40 |
|
(3) |
Electricity
supply
|
41 |
|
(4)
|
Water
supply |
45 |
|
(5) |
Sewerage
|
48 |
|
(6) |
Telecommunications
facilities |
49 |
|
2.2.7 |
Other
Fundamental Information
|
52
|
|
(1) |
Fire |
52
|
|
(2) |
Gas
centres and petroleum stations |
52 |
|
(3) |
Schools
|
53 |
|
(4) |
Hospitals
|
54 |
|
2.2.8 |
Social
structure
|
55 |
|
(1) |
Social
structure survey
|
55 |
|
(2) |
Characteristics
of social structure |
59 |
|
(3) |
Disaster
prevention capacity |
67 |
|
2.3 |
Estimation
of Damage Caused by Earthquakes |
70 |
|
2.3.1 |
Earthquake
Motion
|
70 |
|
(1) |
Analysis
method |
70 |
|
(2) |
Acceleration
at seismic bedrock |
71 |
|
(3) |
Amplification
of subsurface ground
|
72 |
|
(4) |
Peak
ground acceleration and seismic intensity |
73 |
|
2.3.2 |
Liquefaction
|
74 |
|
(1) |
Analysis
method |
74 |
|
(2) |
Groundwater
model
|
75 |
|
(3) |
Liquefaction
potential |
75 |
|
2.3.3 |
Slope
Stability
|
76 |
|
2.3.4 |
Damage
to Buildings |
77 |
|
(1)
|
Preparation
of fragility curve
|
77 |
|
(2) |
Damage
estimation |
80 |
|
2.3.5 |
Damage
to Major Public Facilities
|
82 |
|
(1)
|
School
|
82 |
|
(2) |
Hospital |
83 |
|
(3) |
Fire
station
|
83 |
|
2.3.6 |
Casualties |
84
|
|
(1) |
Analysis
method |
84 |
|
(2) |
Damage
estimation |
85 |
|
(3) |
Validation
|
86 |
|
2.3.7 |
Damage
to Roads and Bridges
|
87 |
|
(1) |
Bridge
|
87 |
|
(2) |
Road
|
88 |
|
(3) |
Accessibility
|
88 |
|
2.3.8 |
Damage
to Lifeline and Facilities
|
89 |
|
(1) |
Water
supply pipelines |
89 |
|
(2) |
Sewerage |
91 |
|
(3) |
Power
supply lines
|
92 |
|
(4) |
Telecommunication
lines |
93 |
|
2.3.9 |
Fire |
94 |
|
2.3.10 |
Database
System |
95 |
|
(1) |
Objectives
of the database system |
95 |
|
(2)
|
Design
of the database system |
95
|
|
(3) |
Specification
of the database system
|
95 |
|
(4) |
Contents
of the database system |
96 |
| 3. |
|
Introduction
of Planning for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation.... |
97 |
|
3.1 |
Approach |
97 |
|
(1) |
Characteristics
of disaster mitigation for earthquake
|
97
|
|
(2) |
Component
of planning for earthquake disaster mitigation
|
97 |
|
3.2 |
Plan
for Inter-Agency Cooperation
|
98 |
|
(1) |
Assignment
of responsibilities |
98 |
|
(2) |
Sustainable
mechanisms for cooperation |
98 |
|
(3) |
Development
and implementation of policies and plans
|
99 |
|
3.3 |
Plan
for Risk Reduction
|
100 |
|
3.3.1 |
Urban
Structure |
100 |
|
(1)
|
Urban
structure in its physical planning aspects
|
100 |
|
(2) |
Urban
planning background and spatial planning towards disaster
mitigation
|
100 |
|
(3)
|
Mobility
of pedestrians and vehicles
|
101 |
|
(4) |
Suggestions
for urban space-allocation planning
|
101 |
|
(5) |
Suggestion
for road-space management |
102 |
|
(6) |
Suggestion
for land use management
|
102 |
|
(7) |
Suggestion
for building regulations in terms of land use zoning
system |
102 |
|
3.3.2 |
Buildings
|
103 |
|
(1) |
Status
of national building code and its’ legal framework
|
104 |
|
(2) |
Vulnerability
of reinforced concrete frame buildings
|
105 |
|
(3) |
Vulnerability
of load bearing brick masonry |
106 |
|
(4) |
National
building code of Nepal: its formulation and implementation |
106 |
|
(5) |
Comprehensive
management plan for strategy and awareness towards National
Building Code of Nepal |
107 |
|
3.3.3 |
Infrastructure
/ Lifeline Facilities
|
107 |
|
(1) |
Road
network and bridges |
108 |
|
(2) |
Electricity
supply |
109 |
|
(3) |
Water
supply and sewerage
|
111 |
|
(4) |
Telecommunication |
112 |
|
3.4 |
Planning
for Emergency Response / Relief and Rescue..
|
115 |
|
(1) |
Command,
control and coordination
|
116 |
|
(2) |
Information
and communication systems |
117 |
|
(3) |
Plan
to restore road function from blockage or break of bridge |
118 |
|
(4) |
Distribution
networking by the private sector/incorporation of public
sectors in the emergency situations |
118 |
|
(5) |
Suggestion
for emergency restoration of lifeline facilities |
118 |
|
(6) |
Plan
to keep public welfare and health care |
119 |
|
3.5 |
Planning
for Restoration and Rehabilitation |
121 |
|
(1) |
Existing
master plans for infrastructure development on the earthquake
disaster management point of view |
121 |
|
(2) |
Suggestion
for urban planning for reconstruction |
122 |
|
(3) |
Suggestion
for master plans to be prepared |
123 |
|
3.6 |
Plan
for Disaster Education Program
|
124 |
| 4. |
|
References |
125 |
